Industrial fuel oil powers a vital role in many sectors of our economy. This processed petroleum product is commonly used to create power for industrial operations, ranging from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The attributes of industrial fuel oil make it a efficient choice for these demanding applications. Its

Sputtering is a widespread technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a preferred method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, dislodging atoms that the